Distractions can further be minimized in bullpen areas, for example, by layouts that use line-of-sight guidelines to prevent people from having to stare directly at each other when seated in their normal working spots -- a situation that can lead to a perceived lack of visual privacy.

Movable screens or other furniture that can be arranged for visual privacy is sometimes more effective than a door, allowing passers-by to see enough of what the person inside is doing to ascertain whether or not he or she is available for consultation.

Such movable screens or furniture have the added benefit of flexibility -- they can be relocated when privacy requirements change.

"attention to individuals’ work spaces...will result in higher job satisfaction, increased productivity and...cost savings."

Other opportunities to articulate symbolic boundaries may be found through the combination of many elements, including signage, lighting levels, colors and materials, aisle width, ceiling height, and strategically placed plants, furniture, or low walls.

In fact, research has shown that a waist-high wall may be as effective as a full-height wall in reducing the perceived level of crowding in a space. Although people are likely to continue equating privacy with four walls and door for some time to come, once they have experienced an office environment that truly meets all their requirements for solitude and interaction, privacy in the office will probably cease to be an issue.